The Eurasia Proceedings of Health, Environment and Life Sciences
The Eurasia Proceedings of Health, Environment and Life Sciences (EPHELS) is a peer-reviewed and online free journal. EPHELS is an international journal. As an open access journal, the Eurasia Proceedings of Health, Environment and Life Sciences (EPHELS) does not charge article submission or processing fees. The manuscripts which are accepted for publication in the EPHELS are invited from the conferences. The Eurasia Proceedings of Health, Environment and Life Sciences (EPHELS) welcomes any research papers on medical, health, environment and life sciences using techniques from and applications in any technical knowledge domain: original theoretical works, literature reviews, research articles. The articles should be original, unpublished, and not in consideration for publication elsewhere at the time of submission to the EPHELS. The full paper versions of the conference papers are published in the EPHELS.
International Society for Research in Education and Science (ISRES)
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Image segmentation involves partitioning of an image into distinct regions based on criteria such as color, texture, or shape, facilitating the focused analysis of relevant objects. Among the various approaches to image segmentation, clustering algorithms, particularly K-means, have gained prominence because of their efficacy in grouping similar pixels. However, these algorithms face challenges such as predetermining the number of regions and sensitivity to initial cluster centers. These issues often result in inconsistent segmentation. This paper proposes a novel color-based segmentation approach that utilizes density function mode detection to predict suitable cluster centroids, aiming to enhance the consistency and accuracy of segmentation results. As demonstrated by various tests, the proposed method has the potential to improve the analysis in numerous domains, including object detection, facial recognition, medical imaging and remote sensing.
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Screening of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites of Streptomyces spp. Isolated from the Sediments
The purpose of this study was to assess the activity of Streptomyces spp., isolate and identify them from samples of silt soil and Tigris river water in Mosul, Iraq. Variations in the isolates' microscopic and biochemical properties were used to identify them., such as soluble pigment, aerobic mycelium, and substrate mycelium. Using the perpendicular streak method, eight of the twelve actinomycete isolates that were isolated from the water and sediments of the Tigris River exhibited antibacterial activity against specific pathogenic bacteria. Staphyloccocus aureus (MTCC 3260), Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Klibsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis, E. coli (MTCC 443), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 424), and Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria were all susceptible to the broad-spectrum activity of isolate Sediment Lake Iraq E2. According to the findings of phylogenetic analysis, isolate E2 shared the closest kinship with Streptomyces sp. (EU257231). Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the Streptomyces isolate E2's secondary metabolite was further examined. There is evidence that these secondary metabolites are harmless and may have antibacterial properties against human pathogens.
Cytotoxic and Antiproliferative Activities of Nymphaea Lotus and 5-Fluorouracil on Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma Cells
Nymphaea lotus Linn (Nymphaeceae), an ubiquitious tropical water plant is a major component of herbal decoctions administered in rural Nigeria for the treatment of a wide range of diseases including cancers. However, the potency and mechanism of antiproliferative action of the plant extract against tumours are not yet established. This study was designed to investigate in vivo and in vitro the anti-tumour potency of ethanol extract of Nymphaea lotus (NLE) in comparison with 5-fluorouracil (Standard anti-tumour drug) in EAC-treated Swiss albino mice. 20 acclimatized adult male Swiss albino mice were inoculated with 106 EAC cells/mouse intraperitoneally and randomly divided into 4 groups of 5 mice/group. Group I served as negative control (EAC only), groups II and III received intraperitoneal injections of 20 and 40 mg/kg bodyweight NLE for 14 days while Group IV received 20 mg/kg fluorouracil. A fifth group of 5 mice served as the baseline control and was administered only 0.9% NaCl (Physiological saline). Tumour development was evaluated by determining the weight gain, ascitic weight gain and volume. MST and percentage ILS were also determined. DNA was extracted from EAC cells from treated animals and subjected to DNA fragmentation assay via electrophoresis. Intraperitoneal administration of 40 mg/kg bodyweight NLE significantly reduced the ascetic fluid volume, induced morphological changes, decreased the viability of the ascitic cells and also caused a prolongation of the lifespan of animals. Nymphaea lotus elicited similar pattern of responses to 5-fluorouracil which are characteristic of apoptosis.
In Vitro Micropropagation of Selected Halophytic Species from Family the Chenopodiaceae (Amaranthaceae)
This study focuses on the in vitro micropropagation of selected halophytic species belonging to the Chenopodiaceae (Amaranthaceae) family, collected from ecologically diverse and arid regions of Uzbekistan, including Sirdarya, Bukhara, and the drained Aral Sea zone (Muynak district). The primary objective was to establish sterile cultures, optimize the growth conditions, and evaluate the regenerative capacity and biomass accumulation of these salt-tolerant plants under controlled laboratory conditions.Sterile explants were obtained from seedlings germinated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with kinetin, BAP, or without growth regulators. Under these conditions, active germination was observed as early as days 3–6 of cultivation. The application of auxins and their combinations with kinetin, as well as 6-BAP—excluding media containing NAA - induced shoot regeneration across most annual halophyte species during both initial and subsequent subcultures. This led to a significant increase in explant proliferation and plant biomass production.For secondary subcultures of Salsola dendroides, Salsola orientalis, and Salsola richteri, Woody Plant Medium (WPM) was employed, demonstrating its suitability for maintaining and multiplying regenerants. The study highlights the effectiveness of specific plant growth regulators and media formulations in enhancing in vitro propagation efficiency.These results offer a promising foundation for the conservation, sustainable use, and possible reintroduction of halophytes into degraded saline environments, particularly the former Aral Sea bed. The established micropropagation protocols may further serve as a model for other stress-tolerant plant species with ecological and medicinal potential.
The Ecological, Chemical, Biological and Medical Condition of the Aral Sea Region
This article thoroughly examines the ecological state of the Aral Sea region and its impact on human health, particularly from medical, biological, chemical, and microbiological perspectives. The ecological crisis caused by the drying of the Aral Sea poses a serious threat not only to the environment but also to public health. As the water level has decreased and the seabed has dried up, large amounts of salt and dust have been released into the air, increasing the concentration of heavy metals, pesticides, and other toxic substances in the atmosphere. This has led to a rise in respiratory, cardiovascular, oncological, and allergic diseases. Additionally, internal diseases such as liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal disorders are frequently observed, largely due to the poor quality of drinking water and food products. Dental diseases, including caries, periodontitis, and gum inflammations, are also widespread in the region, which is linked to the deterioration in water quality, deficiency of essential microelements, and chemically-influenced oral hygiene conditions. Pollution of soil and water resources disrupts the biological balance, negatively affecting plant and animal life. Changes in the microbiological environment have also increased the risk of infectious diseases. The article provides a scientific analysis of the medical and biological consequences of environmental degradation and offers recommendations aimed at protecting public health and restoring ecological stability.
Immune Alterations in Experimental Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial metabolic disorder characterized by insulin-independent hyperglycemia, impaired carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and systemic complications. This study aimed to investigate metabolic and immune alterations in male laboratory rats with experimentally induced T2DM. Forty rats weighing 200 ± 20 g were divided into two groups: control and T2DM. Diabetes was induced via a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (30 mg/kg), and hyperglycemia was confirmed by fasting blood glucose levels exceeding 7.0 mmol/L. Metabolic analysis revealed significant hyperglycemia (20% increase, p<0.05), elevated immunoreactive insulin and C-peptide concentrations (p<0.05), and a trend toward increased glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), indicating compensatory β-cell hyperactivity and early-stage metabolic dysregulation. Immunological assessment showed decreased total leukocyte and lymphocyte counts, with pronounced reductions in T-lymphocytes (CD3+) and T-helper cells (CD4+) (p<0.05), while T-suppressor cells (CD8+) remained unchanged, resulting in a reduced CD4/CD8 ratio. Functional tests demonstrated impaired lymphocyte mitogenic response, reduced antibody-forming cell activity, and suppressed natural killer cell activity (p<0.01), suggesting compromised innate and adaptive immunity. These findings indicate that experimental T2DM induces a combination of metabolic disturbances and systemic immune dysfunction. The observed interplay between hyperglycemia, β-cell stress, and immune suppression may contribute to increased susceptibility to infections and chronic inflammatory processes. Understanding these early alterations provides insight into the pathogenesis of T2DM and may inform the development of therapeutic strategies targeting both metabolic and immune pathways.
Effect of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Supplementation on Broiler Growth, Carcass Traits, Blood Indices and Cecal Microbial Load
This study evaluated the effects of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) derived from garlic and ginger extracts on broiler nutrition at 4, 8, and 12 mg/kg concentrations. Characterization showed spherical AgNPs with an average diameter of 240 nm, O–H and C–H functional groups, and an elemental composition of 22.03% silver along with traces of Cl, C, N, Na, and S. XRD analysis revealed a crystalline structure with prominent peaks at 2θ angles of 38.10°, 46.05°, 64.04°, and 76.36°, corresponding to specific planes. Growth performance results indicated that increasing AgNP concentrations led to a significant rise in body weight, with a final weight of 745.30 g at 12 mg/kg compared to 510.39 g in the control and a reduction in feed conversion ratio (FCR) from 2.78 to 1.59. Carcass evaluation showed the highest dressing and organ weights at 12 mg/kg, while kidney and gizzard weights peaked at lower concentrations. Liver function remained unaffected, while renal function tests showed increased creatinine, urea, globulin, total protein, and albumin values at specific concentrations. Antimicrobial analysis demonstrated reduced fungal and E. coli counts at higher AgNP doses, although aerobic bacterial growth increased. In conclusion, supplementing broiler diets with 12 mg/kg of AgNPs positively impacted growth, carcass traits, liver and renal health, and microbial balance in the intestine.
Breast Cancer: From Molecular Subtypes to Metastasis
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and is the leading cause of female mortality worldwide. According to the American Cancer Society, 13% of women (1 in 8 women) will have been diagnosed with breast cancer at least once in their lifetime. Although breast cancer is more common in women, men are also susceptible to breast cancer, but to a much lesser extent. Only 0.12% of men (one in 833 men) are diagnosed with breast cancer. Breast cancer is caused by the interplay between genes and specific environmental factors. The classification of breast cancer into different molecular subtypes that are different from each other affects the choice of the type of treatments. A number of recent studies have shown a significant relationship between breast cancer molecular subtype and metastatic status. The metastasis is a process of biological actions that must be completed by cancer cells to exit the primary tumor and develop a new tumor at a distant site. Certain breast cancer molecular subtypes are more likely to cause metastases in certain organs of the body than others. Primary and secondary breast cancer of the triple-negative molecular subtype is often the worst, followed by the HER+ molecular subtype.
The Influence of Food Variety and Quality on the Anatomical and Physiological Status of the Digestive System Organs
This study focuses on the influence of food variety and quality on the anatomical and physiological status of the human gastrointestinal system (GIS). Emphasizing the interconnection of nutrition and medical research, the study shows how different food types influence the digestive process, particularly concerning the secretion of gastrointestinal juices and digestive enzymes, the functional and mechanical response of the gastrointestinal organs such as the oral cavity, stomach, small intestine, and colon, and entirety of the gut. This research contributes to the understanding of the relationship between food composition and digestive organs structure and physiology. An “Gut on a chip” model is designed to recreate the gastrointestinal environment under controlled laboratory conditions, allowing for the analysis of mechanical and biochemical breakdown of food ingested, without the need for in vivo trials (Valei et al., 2023). This model also allows for the observation of food substrate disintegration and quantification of secretions from various gastrointestinal organs. Through comparative evaluation of dietary components—including dietary fiber, roughage, macronutrients, and bioactive compounds—the study sheds light on their role in mastication, enzymatic hydrolysis, nutrient absorption, and microbiome balance (Conlon & Birth, 2014; Lattimer & Haub, 2010). Additionally, also examines how food quality influences the functional integrity and efficiency of digestive organs, including the role of dentition in the initial phase of digestion. The objective is to identify which food varieties best support gastrointestinal function and mucosal health, thereby informing evidence-based dietary recommendations.
Functional and Clinical Outcomes After Modified Fulkerson Osteotomy for Patellar Maltracking
Patellar maltracking syndrome (PMS) is characterized by abnormal patellar motion, leading to anterior knee pain, instability, and patellofemoral joint degeneration. Often associated factors are patella alta, trochlear dysplasia, increased quadriceps angle, and vastus medialis oblique weakness. When conservative management, including physical therapy and McConnell taping fails, surgical intervention is required. This retrospective study, performed at the University Clinic for Surgical Diseases ‘St. Naum Ohridski’ – Skopje, North Macedonia, evaluates the clinical efficacy of modified Fulkerson tibial tubercle osteotomy in 30 patients with PMS. Diagnosis was based on clinical assessment and radiographic imaging. The preoperative Kujala Score ranged from 46 to 63 (mean 54.5, average 56), while the preoperative KOOS score ranged from 24 to 57 (mean 40.5, average 41.55), indicating moderate functional impairment. Depending on cartilage wear, either medialization or anteromedialization was performed through tibial tubercle osteotomy. Postoperatively, the patients were put on a partial weight – bearing for six weeks. Afterwards, strict rehabilitation program was followed to restore muscle strength, flexibility and patellar tracking. The postoperative outcomes showed a significant clinical improvement. Kujala scores range from 74 to 91 (mean 82.5, average 84) and KOOS score range from 50 to 85 (mean 67.7, average 62.62). Statistical analysis showed significant clinical improvement regarding pain and function (p<0.001). Four patients experienced mild lateral knee pain which was successfully treated conservatively. There were not reported any cases of deep vein thrombosis, infection or fractures. The downside of this technique is the hardware removal which was required by eight patients after an average time of 2 years from the surgical intervention. This study claims that the modified Fulkerson osteotomy is successful in the treatment of PMS, when the conservative treatment fails. Significant clinical improvements in pain, function, and stability are achieved through this technique while maintaining a low complication rate.
Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) is a protein involved in cell growth, development, and regeneration, and it is produced in the liver in response to growth hormone. Recent studies have shown that IGF-1 may play a role in the development and spread of certain types of cancer. While IGF-1 promotes cell proliferation, it can also inhibit apoptosis a feature that may lead to uncontrolled growth of cancer cells and aggressive tumor progression. Numerous studies have investigated IGF-1 levels in relation to breast, prostate, colorectal, and lung cancers. Researchers have found strong evidence that IGF-1 not only contributes to cell proliferation in cancer patients but may also facilitate metastasis. Therefore, research targeting IGF-1 levels and its receptors is considered a promising strategy in cancer treatment and management. In our study, we examined IGF-1 levels in 100 bladder cancer tissue samples 50 from patients with low-grade cancer and 50 from those with high-grade cancer. Tissue samples were properly processed and converted into supernatant form, after which they were analyzed using the chemiluminescent immunoassay method on an autoanalyzer. According to our results, the IGF-1 levels in patient samples were found to be below the reference range of the IGF-1 kit used. However, statistical analysis revealed that IGF-1 levels were significantly higher in patients with high-grade bladder cancer compared to those with low-grade cancer. This suggests that IGF-1 expression pathways may be disrupted in cancer and could have a negative impact in high-grade cases. We believe that our study may shed light on cancer by determining the level of IGF-1 hormone in tissue samples of patients with bladder cancer.
Arthroscopy in Acute Ankle Fractures: A Weber Classification-Based Analysis
Ankle fractures are common orthopedic injuries, often treated with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). However, 21% to 45% of patients report unsatisfactory outcomes, possibly due to intraarticular pathology. This study aimed to assess these injuries arthroscopically and statistically analyse their prevalence and relation to the Weber classification. A prospective cohort study was conducted on 48 patients with acute ankle fractures at the University Clinic for Surgical Diseases “St. Naum Ohridski” from January 2020 to January 2023. Patients underwent standard preoperative radiographic examinations and were classified according to the Weber classification, followed by arthroscopic intraarticular examination and ORIF. The arthroscopic examination evaluated syndesmotic injury, chondral lesions, loose bodies, and deltoid ligament injuries. Forty-eight patients were studied, with intraarticular pathology found in 33 cases (68.75%). For Weber fractures: type A had 58.33%, type B had 72.73%, and type C had 84.21% of intraarticular pathology. Syndesmotic injury appeared in 33.33% of type A, 50% of type B, and 41.67% of type C fractures. Chondral lesions occurred in 41.67% of type A, 54.55% of type B, and 66.67% of type C fractures. Loose bodies were detected in 8.33% of type A, 18.18% of type B, and 25% of type C fractures. Deltoid ligament injuries were observed in 16.67% of type A, 27.27% of type B, and 41.67% of type C fractures. The study concludes that arthroscopy during ORIF in ankle fractures is valuable for diagnosing intraarticular pathology. It highlights the Weber classification's importance, noting that type C fractures have a higher chance of such involvement. Understanding arthroscopy's diagnostic value in these cases helps surgeons decide on concurrent interventions during ORIF, potentially improving patient outcomes. Further research may investigate how arthroscopy-guided interventions affect clinical outcomes.
Isolation and Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria from Dead Fish in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Farms in Türkiye
Aquaculture has emerged as an important component of global food security, and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is among the most commercially valuable freshwater species. However, the intensification of trout farming has made fish populations increasingly vulnerable to bacterial infections, posing serious threats to both animal welfare and economic sustainability. This study was conducted to systematically isolate and identify the dominant bacterial pathogens involved in trout mortality cases observed in aquaculture farms in two geographically and climatically distinct regions of Türkiye (Gaziantep and Antalya). A total of 60 lethal fish samples were subjected to integrated microbiological diagnosis combining traditional culture-based methods (including Gram staining and a series of biochemical tests) with high-resolution proteomic identification methods via Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Most of the isolates were taxonomically classified as Aeromonas hydrophila, Yersinia ruckeri, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Flavobacterium psychrophilum, pathogens known to play a role in systemic and opportunistic infections in cold-water fish species. The spatial distribution of these bacterial agents revealed significant ecological variability, indicating a strong correlation between pathogen prevalence and environmental parameters such as water temperature, rearing conditions, and geographical location. In particular, MALDI-TOF MS provided high-accuracy species-level identification and showed over 90% agreement with traditional biochemical classification, thereby highlighting its utility as a rapid and reliable diagnostic tool for surveying aquatic diseases. In addition to its etiological importance, the study also provides region-specific epidemiological information on the spatial distribution of bacterial pathogens under changing environmental conditions. By offering this dual perspective, the research provides critical information for the development of targeted disease management frameworks and advocates for the integration of molecular diagnostics and sustainable biological control applications in the aquaculture industry.
Low Levels of Testosterone as a Risk Factor of Hip Fractures in Men Above the Age of Sixty-Five - A Case Series Study
Hip fractures are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in elderly men. Various factors contribute to hip fractures, including osteoporosis, falls, and metabolic imbalances. Recent research suggests that hormonal deficiencies, particularly low testosterone levels, may play a crucial role in bone health and fracture risk. The aim of this study is to evaluate the correlation between low testosterone levels and hip fractures in men above the age of sixty-five. This case series study was conducted at the University Clinic for Surgical Diseases ‘St. Naum Ohridski – Skopje’ in North Macedonia. The study included 10 male patients above 65 years of age who presented with hip fractures, while the control group comprised 10 randomly selected age- and race-matched men without fractures. Testosterone and Vitamin D levels were measured in both groups. The average testosterone levels in the fracture group were 181.97 ng/dl, whereas in the control group, they were 360.006 ng/dl. Average Vitamin D levels in the fracture group were 9.185 ng/ml, compared to 21.232 ng/ml in the control group. These findings suggest that low levels of testosterone and Vitamin D may be significant risk factors for hip fractures in men over 65 years old. Further research is required to establish definitive prevention protocols incorporating hormonal assessments for elderly males at risk of fractures.
Building Eco-Awareness in Preschool Children
Environmental education plays a vital role in fostering ecological awareness and sustainable behavior from an early age. In Indonesia, preschool education offers a strategic platform to cultivate eco-consciousness among young learners. However, its integration faces significant challenges, including limited resources, inadequate teacher training, and the absence of structured curricula. This study explores how Indonesian preschool teachers implement environmental education by examining their strategies, obstacles, and key success factors. Employing a qualitative case study approach, data were gathered through online semi-structured interviews with 15 preschool teachers from various regions, along with curriculum and lesson plan analyses. Thematic analysis revealed that while teachers highly value environmental education, their efforts are often hindered by insufficient training, lack of materials, and rigid curricular frameworks. Despite these barriers, many teachers adopt innovative approaches such as project-based learning, outdoor exploration, and collaborative activities to engage students. Key enablers of effective environmental education include teacher motivation, strong school leadership, and parental involvement. This study highlights the urgent need for enhanced teacher preparation, better resource provision, and more structured curricular support. Addressing these areas is essential for fostering environmental stewardship in young Indonesian children. The findings offer practical insights for educators, policymakers, and curriculum developers committed to advancing early childhood environmental education.
New Approaches to the Identification of Epigenetic Modifications in Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia
Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia (CLL), one of the most common hematologic malignancies in adults in Western countries, is a disease in which epigenetic modifications play an important role in its pathogenesis. Fundamental epigenetic mechanisms include DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs and are critical for normal cellular processes, including cellular growth, development, and differentiation. The identification and understanding of these modifications allows us to analyze the biology of the disease in more detail. Thanks to the technological approaches developed in recent years, it is possible to examine epigenetic changes in CLL in a more sensitive and detailed way. These methods provide a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the disease. In addition to being an important tool in the identification of epigenetic modifications in CLL, these new approaches also contribute to the development of diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies. These developments will allow CLL to be managed more effectively.
Intermittent Fasting as a Halal Lifestyle: A Content Analysis
The pandemic is gradually overcoming but this should not make us neglectful of health. There are several things that are a problem for people in Indonesia, namely obesity. This is not only due to the mindset of the people who think that fat is healthy, but also as a result of the pandemic which requires people to limit outdoor activities. This impaired mobility also reduces the daily rate of calorie burning. In addition, a lifestyle that is increasingly facilitated by the convenience of devices such as ordering food and drinks through applications makes calorie intake increase. This makes some people obese. In fact, in addition to reducing aesthetics, obesity can reduce the quality of life. Therefore, a breakthrough is needed to change the post-pandemic lifestyle, namely by implementing a halal lifestyle by fasting. In this study, the fasting in question is fasting Ramadan, fasting David, and fasting Monday-Thursday. This turns out to be in line with a diet method practiced by non-Muslims called intermittent fasting. The method used is qualitative with an interpretive paradigm on Youtube media. The analysis used is reception analysis —an analysis that examines the relationship between media content and the audience as an active interpreter who gives meaning to videos that combine the concept of intermittent fasting with fasting. The purpose of this research is as exploratory research. While the approach taken is integrative interconnective, namely combining the viewpoints of two branches of science, namely religion and science. The results obtained are that there is great potential that sunnah fasting can be applied as a halal lifestyle that has been studied for its benefits in terms of science. So, this does not make the branding of sunnah fasting a dogma but reaffirmation of sunnah fasting as a sensible halal lifestyle.
Evaluating the Role of ChatGPT in Health Information Provision: Capabilities, Limitations, and Ethical Implications
This study provides a critical analysis of ChatGPT's strengths and weaknesses as a resource for delivering health-related information, emphasizing its potential for both general advice and tailored health guidance. Through a systematic review and expert analysis, the study highlights ChatGPT's ability to deliver immediate and accessible information on a wide range of health topics, including nutrition and chronic disease management. While its conversational interface and capacity for personalization make it a valuable resource for users seeking initial advice, significant limitations are evident in its handling of complex and nuanced health scenarios. These shortcomings are primarily attributed to gaps in its training, including outdated data and potential incorporation of unverified sources. The findings emphasize the importance of recognizing ChatGPT as a supplementary tool rather than a replacement for professional healthcare consultation. Ensuring user safety requires ongoing updates to its training datasets, integration of the latest scientific evidence, and the establishment of clear guidelines for its application in healthcare settings. The study underscores the critical role of qualified professionals in verifying and contextualizing AI-generated advice, particularly in complex or high-risk cases. Future research and development are essential to enhance ChatGPT's reliability, accuracy, and effectiveness, ensuring its optimal contribution to health information dissemination while maintaining the highest standards of safety and ethics.
Sustainability and Organic Livestock in 2050: Challenges and Innovations
The global demand for sustainable and organic livestock farming is expected to rise significantly by 2050 due to increasing concerns over climate change, food security, and ethical animal husbandry. Organic livestock production focuses on environmentally friendly practices, reduced reliance on synthetic inputs, and improved animal welfare. Advancements in regenerative agriculture, precision farming, and circular economy models will drive innovation in organic livestock systems. The integration of artificial intelligence, smart sensors, and sustainable feed alternatives will optimize resource efficiency while maintaining organic standards. Additionally, genetic advancements and microbiome research will enhance disease resistance and animal productivity in organic farming systems. However, challenges such as land use limitations, high production costs, disease management, and market accessibility remain key hurdles. Policy reforms, consumer awareness, and technological innovations will be crucial in shaping the future of organic livestock. A holistic approach integrating sustainability, economic feasibility, and ethical considerations will ensure a resilient and efficient organic livestock industry by 2050.
Acute 60Co Γ-Irradiation Effect on Lipid Peroxidation and Immune System in Experimental Animals
The objective of the study was to explore the biochemical and immunological indicators in experimentally irradiated animals. Goup I - intact, group II - exposed to γ-radiation with a dose 6 Gy. The parameters characterizing the body's immune system were studied, lipid peroxidation outputs and antioxidant protective enzymes activity in blood lymphocytes were identified. The results of the study showed that exposure to a sublethal dose of radiation entails a reduction in cellular immunity, especially T-lymphocytes and their subpopulation, as well as to a decrease in the functional activity of the body's non-specific defense. Leukopenia and lymphopenia were observed in irradiated animals. The same pattern was revealed for T-lymphocytes: the number decreased by 20.25%, leading to fell off in CD4+ cells. It was also found that T-suppressors number declined by 14.28%. Ionizing radiation effect led to an increase in the level of DC and MDA, inhibition of the activity of glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase enzymes, as a result of which the oxidative stress formation in the body was observed. Suppression of cellular and humoral immunity, non-specific protection of the body and imbalance of LPO-AOP create preconditions for the emergence of immune pathological state of radiation origin, indicating the necessity to develop promising for adaptation correcting methods.
Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles for Water Purification
Water contamination is a major global concern, necessitating the development of innovative and cost-effective purification technologies. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained significant attention due to their remarkable antimicrobial properties, high surface area, and catalytic potential in water treatment. This study explores the synthesis, characterization, and application of AgNPs for water purification. Green synthesis using plant extracts, microbial processes, and chemical reduction methods ensures eco-friendly and sustainable nanoparticle production. The synthesized AgNPs are characterized using techniques such as UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) to determine their size, morphology, and stability. The antimicrobial and pollutant-removal efficacy of AgNPs is evaluated against bacterial contaminants and heavy metals. Findings suggest that AgNPs exhibit strong bactericidal activity and high adsorption capacity, making them effective for water purification applications. However, concerns regarding toxicity, environmental impact, and large-scale production must be addressed. Future research should focus on optimizing synthesis techniques, enhancing stability, and ensuring safe disposal of AgNPs to minimize ecological risks. The integration of AgNP-based filtration systems with existing purification technologies offers a promising approach for sustainable and efficient water treatment solutions.
Molecular Docking Study of α-, β-, and γ-Mangostin from Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Targeting VEGFR-2 and NRP-1 for Anti-Angiogenic Therapeutics in Retinopathy Diabetic
To enhance the effectiveness of treatment in diabetic retinopathy patients, the development of drugs that have a combined effect of inhibiting Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-2 (VEGFR-2) and Neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) should be conducted. This work simulates the interaction of α-mangostin, β-mangostin, and γ-mangostin (Garcinia mangostana L.) as a receptor against VEGFR-2 and NRP-1 as a ligand through the molecular docking approach. Redocking between receptor and native ligand (VEGFR-2, PDB ID: 4ASD and NRP-1 PDB ID: 5C7G) was performed using MGLTools 1.5.7 and Autodock Vina, then continued with PyMol2 to assure RMSD value of 0.981 Å for VEGFR-2 and 1.994 Å for NRP-1 (< 2 Å). The docking results showed that α-mangostin had the lowest binding energy to VEGFR-2 (-8.9 kcal/mol) and NRP-1 (-6.9 kcal/mol), followed by γ-mangostin with binding energy of -8.6 kcal/mol to VEGFR-2 and -6.9 kcal/mol to NRP-1, and β-mangostin with binding energy of -8.3 kcal/mol to VEGFR-2 and -6.5 kcal/mol to NRP-1. In comparison, the positive control, Sunitinib, showed binding energy of -7.9 kcal/mol to VEGFR-2 and -6.2 kcal/mol to NRP-1. This indicates that these compounds have a more lowest energy binding to VEGFR-2 and NRP-1 than Sunitinib. In addition, the docking results visualized using Biovia Discovery Studio 2021 showed that these compounds have hydrogen bonds and several other bonds to the active sites of VEGFR-2 and NRP-1. Hence, the proposed compounds have the potential to be further synthesized and evaluated in vitro and in vivo as a pathological anti-angiogenesis drug in diabetic retinopathy.
Non-Hereditary and Hereditary Risk Factors of Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is a worldwide health concern with the incidence rate increasing from year by year. Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women and is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women in both developed and developing countries. Breast cancer initiation and progression is a complex, multistage process. Breast cancer is caused by inherited or acquired genetic changes in the somatic cells of the breast. In spite of significant advances in breast cancer research, there are still many unresolved concerns. Therefore, the investigation of risk factors associated with breast cancer continues to be a topic of interest and research. The main risk factors in the development of breast cancer may be unchangeable factors such as genetics, age and gender and may also be changeable factors such as those associated with lifestyle and environment. By recognizing breast cancer risk factors, it is possible to reduce the risk of developing this cancer and thus reduce the mortality associated with it, especially among women with these risk factors. This study aims to present the latest developments in the field of studying and identifying risk factors for breast cancer, as this topic is still one of the most important topics that are focused on reducing the risk of breast cancer and finding effective therapies to treat patients with this disease. To achieve this aim, we focused on the latest studies that have worked to identify risk factors for breast cancer. As a result, risk factors have been found to be either changeable or unchangeable. Changeable factors can be managed, while unchangeable factors are still being researched in order to find the most effective therapies to either prevent or control breast cancer.
Study of the Effect of Massage Therapy on Serum Cortisol Concentration in a Patient with Chronic Stress
Stress is a condition that occurs when external or internal influences (stressors) are damaging or unusual in strength, which disrupt the homeostasis of the human organism. Cortisol is the glucocorticoid, which under the influence of stress factors increases its secretion more than 10 times. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of massage therapy on serum cortisol concentration in patients with chronic stress. Material and methods: the study refers to a 3-month follow-up of a 32-year-old male patient with high serum cortisol levels. PSS – 10 (Perceived Stress scale) was used, serum cortisol was measured immunometrically with chemiluminescent labeling. Two courses of ten procedures were conducted with massage (classical or Chinese) therapy in the cervical-thoracic area. Results: Reduction of serum cortisol levels, reduction of pain symptoms, subjective and objective management of stressors. Conclusion: Massage therapy appears to be an effective method of managing stress and the pain symptoms associated with it.
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Workplace Safety in Hospital Laboratories: Occupational Accidents and Work-Related Diseases
Workplace safety in hospital laboratories is crucial for the health and well-being of employees. Due to the potentially hazardous nature of the chemicals handled, workers are exposed to a variety of risks, ranging from occupational accidents to work-related diseases. The main objective of our study was to identify workrelated accidents and occupational diseases associated with exposure to occupational hazards in medical analysis laboratories and to determine preventive measures. Materials and method : The sample for our cross-sectional descriptive study consisted of 113 individuals working in the hemobiology, biochemistry, and anatomical pathology laboratories. A questionnaire was designed to collect data, providing a precise assessment of occupational accidents and the risks faced by the employees. Results :18.87% of participants reported having suffered a work-related accident, with no significant correlation with gender (p = 0.955) or age (p = 0.133). Among these accidents, 66.7% were of a mechanical nature, including 36.1% involving skin injuries and 21% involving eye injuries. Investigations into the causes revealed that 32.05% of the accidents resulted from a lack of protective measures, 50.76% were attributable to negligence, and 17.23 % were related to emergency situations. Furthermore, employees working in a fixed daily position are at an increased risk of accidents (p = 0.003). Additionally, occupational diseases have also been reported, with 32.29% of participants affected by occupational allergies and 33.22% by skin sensitizations. Moreover, approximately 14.81% of participants suffered from respiratory diseases, while 13.15% had eye injuries. Finally, about 6.48 % of participants were diagnosed with occupational cancer. Conclusion : Our study highlighted that occupational accidents have significant consequences on the health of employees, particularly concerning conditions related to exposure to chemical reagents. This underscores the urgent need to improve safety and prevention measures to ensure the protection of workers.
Fabrication of a 2D-Surfactant Exfoliated Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanoparticles as Efficient pH-Sensitive Drug Delivery System for Lung Cancer Therapy
Lung cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers and it is also the primary cause of cancer-related mortality globally. However, due to variations in tobacco use patterns, exposure to environmental risk factors, and genetics, lung cancer incidence and mortality rates vary significantly worldwide. Since smoking is the primary risk factor for lung cancer, developing more effective therapeutic strategies and innovative drug delivery systems may help to raise the disease's survival rates. In this study, a novel pH-sensitive nanocarrier based on a composite of a two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride (2D-hBN) with unique properties was synthesized to deliver Doxorubicin (DOX). Firstly, bulk hBN powder was exfoliated with a sodium cholate salt, sonicated, and centrifuged to obtain the as-prepared 2D-hBN nanocarriers, and finally, DOX was entrapped for targeted drug delivery and tumor therapy. High DOX loading and entrapment efficiency (LE% and EE%, respectively) were obtained. The EE% and LE% for sodium cholate exfoliated 2D-hBN obtained were 84.50% and 25.48%, respectively. In vitro drug release experiments demonstrated a pH-sensitive non-Fickian release profile with a release percentage of 73.5%. Preliminary in-vitro cytotoxicity was done via MTT assay, using the human lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549), and the 2D-hBN@DOX nanocomposites were shown to drastically reduce the viability of the cancer cells compared to 2D-hBN, indicating the great efficacy of the former nanocomposites in hindering the proliferation of cancer cells.
Janus Nanoparticles Loaded 3D Bio Printed Scaffold as a Dual Drug Delivery System
Herein, a new type of controlled-release system is fabricated using polycaprolactone (PCL) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles for the creation preparation study. They include doxorubicin (DOX), a standard chemical for chemotherapy, and curcumin, part of the plant turmeric. The material is produced as a dual-loaded nanoparticle system, where the widely used chemotherapeutic drug Doxorubicin (DOX) and the commonly known anti-inflammatory/antioxidant Curcumin are encapsulated in their respective phases, PCL and PLGA. Next, the Janus NPs were loaded into a 3D bioprinted support matrix composed solely of Carbopol. The design of this scaffold was engineered to provide a biocompatible and supportive environment for the controlled release of medication over an extended period. The biocompatibility, kinetics of drug release, and biomechanical properties were also analyzed in the 3D-printed scaffold. The structural integrity of the scaffold was strengthened, and DOX as well as curcumin can be continuously released for long periods by using Janus nanoparticles. Moreover, dual drug-loaded nanoparticles provided a sustained release plan that could be an innovative technique for improved anticancer activity in synergy therapy; the scaffold supported particle stability as indicated by favorable results of preliminary research. This system might offer a more potent and target-oriented strategy in cancer therapy through the sustained release of curcumin and DOX, effectively reducing cancer cell viability compared to conventional drug delivery approaches.
Epidemiological, Clinical and Therapeutic Profile of Rectal Adenocarcinomas Treated in the Radiotherapy Department of EHSO Emir Abdelkader
Rectal cancer is classified among the most common cancers in the world, the second most common digestive cancer in Algeria; however its incidence in our country remains lower than that of western countries. The interest of this article is the retrospective analysis of the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of malignant tumors of the rectum managed in the department of the EHS oncology Emir Abdelkader in Oran, Algeria. Concomitant preoperative radio chemotherapy is the standard treatment for locally advanced rectal adenocarcinomas; however it can be carried out postoperatively if the initial stage of the disease is underestimated. We conducted a retrospective epidemiological, clinical, anatomopathological, therapeutic and prognosis study at the radiotherapy department of the EHS oncology Emir Abdelkader in Oran over a period of 6 years from January 2017 to December 2019 involving 70 patients taken in charge during this period. This hypo fractionated irradiation regimen at a dose of 39 Gray could be a therapeutic alternative in the preoperative situation for locally advanced rectal tumors with promising results in terms of effectiveness and an acceptable toxicity profile.
Examination Stress and Salivary Cortisol Levels in Kazakh and Indian Medical Students
Stress is an important component of modern life and has become a serious problem for the health of the population as a whole. Studying at a medical university is accompanied by significant psycho-emotional stress among students. Medical students experience acute stress during exams. One of the markers of stress is cortisol. Objectives: to evaluate the level of cortisol in Indian medical students and Kazakhstan medical students during the examination stress. Methods: The study involved 134 medical students aged from 18 to 23 years, of which 81 were men, 53 women, studying in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd years of the West Kazakhstan Medical University named after Marat Ospanov. Among them are 67 students from India (46 men and 21 women) and 67 students from Kazakhstan (35 men and 32 women). Groups for the study were formed by random sampling. Free cortisol concentrations in saliva were measured in a diagnostic laboratory using the standard kit "Cortisol Saliva ELISA" of the company "DBC". Results: No significant differences were found in the level of saliva cortisol under conditions outside exam stress (Cortisol 1) and saliva cortisol under exam stress conditions (Cortisol 2) between a group of Indian and Kazakhstan students without regard to year of study. The level of free saliva cortisol under conditions outside exam stress is significantly higher in the general group of women compared to the general group of men. Increased salivary cortisol levels under examination stress were observed in all groups and examined. Conclusion: Identification of a contingent of students with high levels of cortisol (i.e., more susceptible to stress) will allow us to develop and recommend a set of measures that will help reduce cortisol levels and neutralize its pathogenic effect on the functioning of the main systems of the body.
Optimization of Process Parameters for Experimental Production of Waste Frying Oil Based-Biodiesel by Taguchi Method
Recycling waste frying oils is an important issue concerning environmental and economic problems. Biodiesel production from waste oil is an effective method to obtain a sustainable energy source. Biodiesel attracts attention as a renewable and environmentally friendly alternative that can replace traditional fossil fuels in diesel engines. However, various process parameters such as process temperature, alcohol/oil ratio, and type of catalyst need to be carefully adjusted to increase the efficiency and optimize the quality of the biodiesel production process from waste oils. This study uses the Taguchi method to determine the most suitable process parameters for experimental biodiesel production from waste oils. The study's findings, which identified the optimum conditions for biodiesel production from waste frying oil, have the potential to impact the field of sustainable energy significantly. Three essential parameters were selected for investigation: the molar ratio of alcohol to oil, reaction temperature, and reaction time. Each parameter was examined at two levels, denoted as L-4 (23). Four experimental runs were conducted using the selected parameters and their respective levels to produce biodiesel from waste frying oil. Optimum conditions were found to be 1:6 for oil/methanol molar ratio, 60°C for reaction temperature, and 60 min for reaction time. Under optimum reaction conditions, biodiesel yield was an average of 97.7 %.